When you ask an anonymous question, you will automatically be added as a private follower on the question. You will receive notifications about new answers and edits as long as you are privately following the question. You can opt in and out of the private following experience, or follow the question publicly (which means your name will show up under “Followers” of the question). Following (privately or publicly) does not affect your ability to edit the question, whether that's anonymously using your anonymous edit link or publicly on the question page.
When you write an anonymous answer, however, you will not receive any notifications for actions taken on your answer, such as upvotes or comments.